Anger is one of the most important negative emotions, and its regulation has been widely emphasized in both psychology and religious teachings. The present study examined the relationship between psychological styles of prayer and the dimensions of anger and self-esteem, as well as the moderating role of emotional intelligence in these relationships. This quantitative correlational study recruited 316 Persian-speaking adults aged 18 years and older through convenience sampling. Data were collected using Miri's Psychological Styles of Prayer Questionnaire, Goleman's Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, the Spielberger State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and two-way ANOVA in SPSS version 26. The findings indicated that the dimensions of prayer were significantly and negatively associated with anger expression, whereas no significant relationships were found with state anger or trait anger. One-way ANOVA further showed significant differences among prayer style groups in trait anger and anger expression, whereas no significant differences were observed for state anger or self-esteem. Moreover, emotional intelligence did not moderate the relationships between prayer styles and either anger dimensions or self-esteem. These findings suggest that different psychological styles of prayer, rather than the overall frequency of prayer, may contribute to explaining individual differences in anger experience and expression. These findings underscore the importance of examining prayer as a multidimensional experience in the psychology of religion and contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between religious experience and emotional expression. They also suggest that religious resources could be incorporated into educational and intervention programs for anger management to enhance emotion regulation.