A Comparative Inquiry into Criminal Profiling in Forensic and Religious Psychology: Presenting a Model for Addressing Sinful Offenders in Qur’anic and Islamic Teachings

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran

2 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran

Abstract

The aim of this research is to conduct a comparative study of the perspectives of forensic psychology and Qur’anic–Islamic teachings regarding the treatment of offenders. This study seeks to align the scientific tool of criminal profiling with religious teachings on repentance (tawbah), reform (islāh), and reintegration into society, in order to propose a humane and effective model for criminal policymaking that preserves justice while facilitating offender rehabilitation and reducing recidivism. The central question addressed is how criminal profiling can be integrated with religious foundations to develop a combined model that observes legal and deterrent aspects while also adopting a reform-oriented and preventive outlook. The study further examines the capacities of Islamic teachings—such as repentance and forgiveness (‘afw)—in synergy with forensic psychological tools to formulate a balanced penal policy. The research method is descriptive-analytical, based on the review of library resources and scientific documents. Data were collected from authoritative religious sources, including the Holy Qur’an, Islamic traditions (riwāyāt), and jurisprudential works, as well as from scholarly books and articles in the fields of criminology and forensic psychology. The sources were selected based on criteria such as academic credibility, publication within the past twenty years, and direct relevance to the subject matter. The stages of research included gathering materials from university libraries and academic databases, categorizing them into religious and psychological groups, and conducting a comparative analysis of key concepts such as criminal personality, repentance, and reform. Content analysis was employed to extract commonalities and differences, which were then used to construct a theoretical framework for the integrated model. A limitation of this approach was its reliance on existing sources and the absence of field research, owing to the theoretical nature of the topic. The findings revealed that Qur’anic principles such as repentance, reform, forgiveness, justice, and the preservation of human dignity possess significant capacity for alignment with forensic psychological tools, particularly criminal profiling. Criminal profiling, through analyzing the psychological and behavioral characteristics of offenders, enables a more precise understanding of the causes of crime and facilitates the design of effective interventions. Conversely, Islamic teachings emphasize moral reform and the reintegration of offenders into society through repentance and religious training. The comparative analysis indicated that both approaches, rather than focusing solely on punishment, prioritize understanding the root causes of crime and the rehabilitation of offenders. This synergy can yield criminal policies that not only preserve social order but also prevent recidivism by providing opportunities for reform. For instance, the integration of criminal profiling with the doctrine of repentance can assist in identifying offenders with the potential for reform and in designing rehabilitation programs tailored to their personality traits. The fusion of criminal profiling with Islamic principles may thus lead to an innovative and humane model for addressing offenders that, while ensuring justice, emphasizes rehabilitation and crime prevention. This integrated model, by combining the scientific insights of forensic psychology with the moral–spiritual wisdom of Islam, proposes criminal policies that render punishments purposeful, proportionate, and humane. Such an approach is not only effective in maintaining social order but also prevents offenders from re-entering the cycle of crime by enhancing human dignity and offering opportunities for reform. For greater effectiveness, it is recommended that this model be complemented with empirical and field studies in order to examine its practical applicability within judicial systems. This convergence can contribute to the improvement of criminal justice systems in both Islamic and non-Islamic societies.

Keywords

References

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